Amount Of Vitamin C In Juice

Which Orange Juice Has the Most Vitamin C?

Areas of Science	Chemistry Cooking & Food Science Healthy Living
Difficulty
Time Required	Short (2-5 days)
Material Availability	Titration equipment and supplies are needed. A kit is available from our partner Home Science Tools. See the Materials tab for details.
Cost	High ($100 - $150)
Safety	Adult supervision required. Concentrated iodine is poisonous if swallowed. Read and follow all safety guidelines in the Procedure. More information is available from the iodine Materials Safety Data Sheet.

Abstract

Which type of orange juice has the most vitamin C? In this science project, you will learn how to measure the amount of vitamin C in a solution using an iodine titration method. You will compare the amount of vitamin C in three different types of orange juice: homemade, premium not-from-concentrate, and orange juice made from frozen concentrate. Which do you think will have the most vitamin C?

Objective

To determine which orange juice has the most vitamin C: homemade fresh-squeezed, premium not-from-concentrate, or orange juice made from frozen concentrate.

Credits

Andrew Olson, PhD, Science Buddies

Teisha Rowland, PhD, Science Buddies

Tropicana is a registered trademark of Tropicana Products, Inc.
Florida's Natural is a registered trademark of Florida's Natural Growers, a division of Citrus World, Inc.

Sources

This science project is based on:

University of Canterbury. (n.d.). Determination of Vitamin C Concentration by Titration Outreach, College of Science. Retrieved July 8, 2007.

Cite This Page

General citation information is provided here. Be sure to check the formatting, including capitalization, for the method you are using and update your citation, as needed.

MLA Style

Science Buddies Staff. "Which Orange Juice Has the Most Vitamin C?" Science Buddies, 20 Nov. 2020, https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/Chem_p044/chemistry/which-orange-juice-has-the-most-vitamin-c. Accessed 1 Dec. 2021.

APA Style

Science Buddies Staff. (2020, November 20). Which Orange Juice Has the Most Vitamin C? Retrieved from https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/Chem_p044/chemistry/which-orange-juice-has-the-most-vitamin-c

Last edit date: 2020-11-20

Introduction

In this science project, you will determine the amount of vitamin C in various types of orange juice. You will use a method called titration, which is a common technique in chemistry. Titration is a way to measure the unknown amount of a chemical in a solution (the titrand) by adding a measured amount of a chemical with a known concentration (the titrant, or titrating solution). The titrating solution reacts with the titrand, and the endpoint of the reaction is monitored in some way. The concentration of the titrand can now be calculated from the amount of titrating solution added and the ratio of the two chemicals in the chemical equation for the reaction.

Let us go through the titration process with a specific example: the titration of vitamin C by iodine. The chemical name for vitamin C is ascorbic acid. When iodine and ascorbic acid are combined in solution, a chemical reaction takes place. In this chemical reaction, the ascorbic acid molecule loses electrons, which are transferred to the iodine molecule. Chemists call this type of reaction an oxidation/reduction reaction (or redox reaction for short). The ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, and the iodine is reduced to iodide ions. Oxidation-reduction reactions always occur in pairs like this. The molecule that loses electrons is oxidized, and the molecule that accepts the electrons is reduced.

So how can you use the iodine-ascorbic acid reaction to determine the amount of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)? If you start with a known concentration of iodine, and carefully measure the amount of the iodine solution that you add, you can calculate how much ascorbic acid was present. How do you know when the iodine-ascorbic acid reaction is complete? You add an indicator to the solution. In this case, the indicator is soluble starch. When iodine reacts with starch, it turns the solution a blue-black color. If ascorbic acid is present in the solution, iodine will react with it, and not with the starch, so the solution will not change color. However, once all of the ascorbic acid has been oxidized, added iodine will be free to react with the starch, producing a distinct color change.

In this chemistry science project, you will investigate which type of orange juice has more vitamin C (ascorbic acid): homemade fresh-squeezed, premium not-from-concentrate, or orange juice made from frozen concentrate. Which do you think it will be? You can find out for yourself with this science project!

Terms and Concepts

Titration
Ascorbic acid
Iodine
Oxidation / reduction reaction
Indicator

Questions

What happens when iodine is added to a starch solution?
What happens when iodine is added to a starch solution that also contains vitamin C?

Bibliography

For a good, basic reference on chemistry, see:

Rader, A. (n.d.). Chem4Kids. Andrew Rader Studios. Retrieved July 18, 2007.

The Materials Safety Data Sheet for Lugol's iodine solution has important chemical safety information:

Home Science Tools. (August 20, 2014). Safety Data Sheet: Iodine Potassium Iodide Solution. Home Science Tools. Retrieved November 14, 2017.

This science project is based on:

University of Canterbury. (n.d.). Determination of Vitamin C Concentration by Titration. Outreach, College of Science. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
Ganong, B. (n.d.). Determination of Vitamin C in Orange Juice. Mansfield University. Retrieved July 18, 2007.

Another useful reference on the vitamin C titration procedure is:

Helmenstine, A.M., 2007. (n.d.). Vitamin C Determination by Iodine Titration. About.com: Chemistry.. Retrieved July 18, 2007.

More advanced students should do background research on stoichiometry and oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. Here is a helpful review of high school chemistry that can be a good starting point:

Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. (October 6, 2002). Stoichiometry. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Department of Chemistry. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. (n.d.). Redox Reactions. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Department of Chemistry. Retrieved July 18, 2007.

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Materials and Equipment

These specialty items can be purchased from our partner Home Science Tools:

Orange Juice Titration Kit. Includes:
- Cheesecloth
- Vitamin C tablets, 250 mg each
- Chemical splash goggles
- 2% Lugol's iodine solution (30 mL); also available from Amazon.com
  - Consult the iodine Materials Safety Data Sheet for additional safety information.
- Soluble starch (30 g)
- Small funnel. Do not use the funnel for food after using it for chemistry.
- 50 mL graduated cylinder
- 500 mL graduated cylinder
- 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask
- 50 mL buret
- Ring stand
- Buret clamp
- Lab apron
- Eyedropper. A transfer pipette or medicine dropper would work, too.
- Nitrile gloves. Rubber or latex gloves would work, too.
- Measuring spoons. A balance accurate to the 0.1 gram would also work.
- 100 mL beaker
- Glass bottles, amber, 8 oz. (2). Iodine is light-sensitive and needs to be stored, once mixed, in an amber glass bottle or in an aluminum foil-covered bottle.

You will also need to gather these items:

Distilled water; available in the bottled water section of most grocery stores
Optional: Newspaper to protect the surface you work on
Masking tape
Permanent marker
Stovetop
A cooking pot
Stirrer, such as a cooking spoon, to use with the pot
Clean glass jar with a lid for storing the starch solution
Cutting board
Knife
Bowl
Lab notebook
Samples of three different kinds of orange juice:
- Homemade fresh-squeezed. You will need at least three oranges to make at least 60 mL of orange juice. A juicer is handy, but not required, for squeezing the oranges.
- Premium not-from-concentrate juice, e.g., Tropicana® or Florida's Natural®.
- Made from frozen concentrate. Follow the instructions on the concentrate can.

Disclaimer: Science Buddies participates in affiliate programs with Home Science Tools, Amazon.com, Carolina Biological, and Jameco Electronics. Proceeds from the affiliate programs help support Science Buddies, a 501(c)(3) public charity, and keep our resources free for everyone. Our top priority is student learning. If you have any comments (positive or negative) related to purchases you've made for science projects from recommendations on our site, please let us know. Write to us at scibuddy@sciencebuddies.org.

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Experimental Procedure

Caution: Iodine solution is poisonous. Avoid skin and eye contact. See the Materials Safety Data Sheet for complete information. Wear chemical safety goggles and rubber gloves when handling the concentrated solution. Iodine solution will stain clothing; a lab coat or apron is also recommended. For more information on how to properly use a balance and different titration techniques see Chemistry Lab Techniques.

Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms, concepts, and questions, in the Background section. For information about doing a titration, visit the Science Buddies webpage Titration Tutorial: Tips & Tricks for Titrating.
Wear gloves, chemical safety goggles, and a lab coat or apron when using the iodine solutions in this experiment. Also, if you are not working on a surface that can be stained, you should completely cover the surface with newspaper to protect it.
Dilute the Lugol's iodine solution 1:10 in distilled water to make your iodine titration solution.
1. Carefully pour 30 milliliters (mL) of Lugol's solution into the 500 mL graduated cylinder. This amount should be the entire bottle that comes with the Science Buddies kit.
2. Add enough distilled water to bring the total fluid volume to 300 mL and mix, as shown in Figure 1, below.
  
  Figure 1. After adding the 30 mL of Lugol's iodine solution to the 500 mL graduated cylinder, add enough distilled water to bring the total fluid volume up to 300 mL.
3. Slowly and carefully pour the diluted solution into an amber glass bottle. You should use a funnel to do this.
  1. Caution: The amber glass bottles that come with the Science Buddies kit hold about 230 mL each. This means you will need to use both bottles to store the 300 mL of solution. Be careful when filling the first bottle so that it does not overflow!
4. Label the bottle(s), such as by using a permanent marker and masking tape.
5. You can store the solution in its tightly sealed bottle(s) for now.
  1. Note: Iodine is light-sensitive. Storing the solution in an amber glass bottle (or an aluminum foil-covered bottle), or in a dark location, protects it from light.
6. Rinse and dry the 500 mL graduated cylinder.
Make a starch indicator solution. This can be anywhere from 0.5 to 1.0%. The exact amount of starch is not critical.
1. Heat 200 mL of distilled water in a pot on the stove.
2. When it is near boiling, for a 0.5% solution, add 1 gram (g) (which is equivalent to 1/4 teaspoon) of soluble starch to the pot.
3. Stir to dissolve the starch, while keeping the water near boiling.
  1. Because even "soluble" starch is not very soluble, it may take about 15 minutes or more of stirring the starch to dissolve it in the near-boiling water.
4. After the starch is dissolved in the water, remove the pot from the burner and allow the solution to cool.
5. When cool, store the starch solution (at room temperature) in a clean, tightly covered glass jar that is clearly labeled.
6. Rinse and dry the 500 mL graduated cylinder.
Make a fresh vitamin C standard solution (at a concentration of 1 milligram [mg] per milliliter, or 1 mg/mL). Do this on each day that you measure the vitamin C in your orange juice samples.
1. You will use this solution to "standardize" your iodine titration solution. You will measure how much of your iodine solution it takes to oxidize a known amount of vitamin C. You can then use your iodine titration solution to determine the amount of vitamin C from test samples of different orange juices.
2. Using a cutting board and a knife, crush a 250 mg vitamin C tablet into powder and carefully transfer all of the powder to a bowl, as shown in Figure 2, below.
  
  Figure 2. Crush the vitamin C tablet into powder and then transfer all of it to a bowl.
3. Dissolve the powdered vitamin C tablet in 100 mL of distilled water, as shown in Figure 3, below.
  
  Figure 3. Dissolve the powdered vitamin C tablet in 100 mL distilled water.
4. Pour the dissolved Vitamin C into the cleaned and dried 500 mL graduated cylinder and add distilled water to bring the total volume to 250 mL, as shown in Figure 4, below. You now have a vitamin C standard solution at a concentration of 1 mg/mL.
Figure 4. Carefully transfer the 100 mL of dissolved vitamin C into the 500 mL graduated cylinder and fill it with distilled water until the total volume is 250 mL.
Set up the 50 mL buret on the ring stand, as shown in Figure 5, below.
1. You will first need to assemble the ring stand from the Science Buddies kit. To do this, screw the metal rod into the black metal base. Then tightly screw the buret clamp into position on the top of the ring stand's metal rod, as shown in Figure 5.
2. To set up the 50 mL buret on the ring stand, carefully slide it into place between the prongs of the buret clamp, as shown in Figure 6, below.
Figure 5. Assemble the ring stand, buret clamp, and buret, as shown here.

Figure 6. Carefully slide the buret into place between the prongs of the buret clamp.
Titrate 20 mL of vitamin C standard solution.
1. Use the 50 mL graduated cylinder to measure 20 mL of vitamin C standard solution.
2. Pour this into the 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask, as shown in Figure 7, below. The shape of this flask allows you to swirl the solution to mix it without spilling.
  
  Figure 7. Pour 20 mL of the vitamin C solution into the 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask.
3. Add 10 drops of starch indicator solution to the Erlenmeyer flask.
4. Carefully adjust the position of the buret on the ring stand so that you can place the Erlenmeyer flask (containing the vitamin C and starch solutions) right under the buret, as shown in Figure 8, below. Leave the Erlenmeyer flask there.
  
  Figure 8. Adjust the buret's position so you can place the 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask right underneath it.
5. Make sure the bottom of the buret is turned to the closed position. This is done by turning the red stopper to the horizontal position, as shown in the close-up in Figure 9, below, for the buret from the Science Buddies kit.
  
  Figure 9. Make sure the buret is turned to the closed position, as shown here with the buret from the Science Buddies kit.
6. Use the funnel to carefully fill the buret with the diluted Lugol's iodine solution you prepared in step 3. Fill it somewhere between the 5 mL and 35 mL marks on the buret. The exact position is not important, as long as the fluid level is not past the graduated markings on the top of the buret.
7. To make sure your measurements are accurate, fill the tip of the buret with the diluted Lugol's iodine solution. To do this, put an extra beaker below the buret and slowly turn the red stopper at the bottom of the buret (to the vertical position) to let a few drops of titrating solution flow into the beaker (or just let enough solution flow so that the entire tip of the buret is full of solution). Then, making sure the bottom of the buret is closed again, place the Erlenmeyer flask back under the buret.
8. In your lab notebook, write down the initial level (in mL) of the iodine solution in the buret. Read the level from the bottom of the meniscus, which is the curved surface of the liquid.
  1. For example, in Figure 10, below, the level should be recorded as 21.85 mL, since this is where the bottom of the meniscus is.
  Figure 10. When reading the level of liquid in the buret, read from the bottom of the meniscus, which is being pointed to with a black arrow in this picture. For example, the level of the liquid in this buret should be read as 21.85 mL. (Note: The long white line at the top of the buret is the mark for 21 mL.)
9. Slowly turn the red stopper at the bottom of the buret until just one drop of the iodine solution comes out into the Erlenmeyer flask below it. Then close the buret again.
  1. Note: It is important to only let the iodine solution be added one drop at a time because the titration reaction is very sensitive. One drop can be enough to drive the reaction to completion (if it were near completion before). If more than one drop is added at a time, the data will not be as accurate as it could be.
10. After each drop is added, swirl the flask to mix in the iodine solution.
  1. When adding the iodine solution, you may see a temporary color change that goes away when you swirl the flask, as shown in Figure 11, below.
  Figure 11. When you add a drop of iodine solution, you may see a temporary color change, as shown here (the dark blue swirls), that goes away when the iodine solution is mixed in the flask by swirling it.
11. Continue adding the iodine solution, mixing in one drop at a time and swirling the flask, until the iodine creates a blue-back color throughout the solution, as shown in Figure 12, below, that lasts for longer than 20 seconds. At this point, the titration is complete.
  
  Figure 12. When the entire solution in the flask changes to a blue-black color that lasts for more than 20 seconds while swirling it, the titration is complete.
12. In your lab notebook, record the final level of the iodine solution remaining in the buret.
13. The difference between the initial level and the final level is the amount of iodine titration solution needed to oxidize the vitamin C.
14. Rinse out and dry the Erlenmeyer flask.
15. Repeat step 7 three times. You should get results that are within about 0.2 mL of each other. If you do not, repeat this step until you have three results that are within about 0.2 mL of each other.
  1. Be sure to check the level of the iodine solution in the buret before each trial. Remember, if the level is below the 35 mL mark, carefully add more iodine solution to the buret (until it is between the 5 mL and 35 mL marks). Record the new level.
Prepare fresh-squeezed orange juice for testing.
1. Use the juicer to extract orange juice from three (or more) oranges, as shown in Figure 13, below.
2. You need 20 mL of juice per titration, and you should do at least three titrations of the fresh-squeezed orange juice, so you will need at least 60 mL total.
3. Filter the orange juice through cheesecloth to remove any pulp and seeds.
Figure 13. Use a juicer, like the one shown here from the Science Buddies kit, to juice at least three oranges. You will need to cut each orange in half to use this juicer.
Titrate the fresh-squeezed orange juice you just prepared by repeating step 7, but this time, use 20 mL of fresh-squeezed orange juice in the Erlenmeyer flask instead of 20 mL of the vitamin C solution.
1. Be sure to check the level of the iodine solution in the buret before each trial. Remember, if the level is below the 35 mL mark, carefully add more iodine solution to the buret (until it is between the 5 mL and 35 mL marks). Record the new level.
2. In step 7.k., the titration is complete when the iodine creates a distinct color change in the juice/starch solution. This color change will be harder to see than with the vitamin C solution, since the juice starts out orange. The color will change from orange to grayish brown when the endpoint is reached, as shown in Figure 14, below. If you continue to add iodine, the color will darken further, but you want to note the volume of iodine added when the color first changes.
3. Remember to record the final level of the iodine solution in the buret, as done in step 7.l.
4. The difference between the initial level and the final level is the amount of iodine titration solution needed to oxidize the vitamin C in the orange juice.
5. As you did for step 7.o., repeat the titration process for the fresh-squeezed orange juice a total of three times. You should get results that are within about 0.2 mL of each other.
Figure 14. When the titration is complete with the orange juice sample, the entire orange juice sample will turn from orange to grayish brown in color, as shown here.
Titrate your other orange juice samples by repeating step 9 using the premium not-from-concentrate orange juice and the orange juice made from frozen concentrate (separately).
1. If you test the orange juice samples on different days, be sure to make a fresh vitamin C standard solution on each day that you measure the vitamin C in your orange juice samples.
For each juice (fresh, premium, or from-concentrate), calculate the average amount of iodine needed to titrate the 20 mL sample. Record your results in your lab notebook.
Calculate the amount of vitamin C in your samples by setting up a proportion, as shown in Equation 1, below. You will want to solve for Vitamin C₂
Equation 1.
- Iodine₁ is the average amount of iodine (in mL) needed to titrate the vitamin C standard solution.
- Vitamin C₁ is the amount of vitamin C in the standard solution (in mg).
- Iodine₂ is the average amount of iodine (in mL) needed to titrate the orange juice sample.
- Vitamin C₂ is the amount of vitamin C in the orange juice sample (in mg).
1. You can rearrange Equation 1 to directly solve for the unknown "Vitamin C₂" value, resulting in Equation 2, below.
  1. If you are not sure how Equation 2 was derived from Equation 1, take a moment to examine the equations so that you understand the derivation process.
  Equation 2.
2. Here is an example (with sample numbers) to show you how to use Equation 2:
  1. Let us say that it took an average of 8.5 mL of iodine solution to titrate 20 mL of 1 mg/mL vitamin C standard solution. 20 mL of the vitamin C solution is equal to 20 mg vitamin C total. This means that "Iodine₁" equals 8.5 mL and "Vitamin C₁" equals 20 mg.
  2. Let us also say it takes an average of 6.8 mL of iodine solution to titrate a 20 mL test sample of orange juice. This means that "Iodine₂" equals 6.8 mL.
  3. Using this example, we would set up Equation 2 to look like Equation 3, below. Note that we do not know "Vitamin C₂" because that is what we are solving for.
    Equation 3.
  4. When solving for Vitamin C₂ in Equation 3, we get an answer of 16 mg. This means there is 16 mg of vitamin C in that orange juice sample.
Graph your results, putting the names of the different kinds of orange juice on the x-axis and the average amount of vitamin C on the y-axis.
Look at your graphs. Did one type of orange juice have more vitamin C than the others? Why do you think this might be? Can you explain your results?

Troubleshooting

For troubleshooting tips, please read our FAQ: Which Orange Juice Has the Most Vitamin C?.

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Variations

Measure the amount of vitamin C in fresh fruits and vegetables. Which ones have the highest vitamin C content? Which ones have the lowest? Puree a 100 g sample of the fruit or vegetable, and strain it through cheesecloth with about 50 mL of distilled water. Add distilled water to bring the total volume up to 100 mL. From your measurement, you can figure out how much vitamin C there is per 100 g of the fruit or vegetable you sampled. You can use typical weights of the fruit or vegetable to calculate how much total vitamin C there is in each fruit or vegetable you test.
Measure the vitamin C content in fruit juices. Do the amounts correspond to what is on the label? Design an experiment to find out.
Does the amount of vitamin C in fruit juice decrease during refrigerated storage? Does the type of container (e.g., glass bottle, or paperboard carton) matter? Design an experiment to find out.
For an experiment on how storage affects the amount of vitamin C in oranges, see the Science Buddies project Do Oranges Lose or Gain Vitamin C After Being Picked?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: Instead of the Lugol's solution or the iodine solution for the starch test, can I substitute a pure potassium iodine solution?

A: Quite simply, no. The iodine needs to be elemental (i.e. not an ion and not part of another compound), or else the proper reactions won't take place, and your titration won't work.

Q: When I make the starch indicator solution, it does not really dissolve, but is clumpy and/or milky instead. What should I do?

A: The starch solution should be clear and may need to be heated more. You could try continuing to heat the starch solution in a pan on the stove until the solution becomes clear, just before it boils.

Q: Why do I have to make a fresh vitamin C standard solution and titrate it every day?

A: Since the calculations in this science project are based on the data you get from the vitamin C standard solution titration, it is very important that these data are accurate. Because of this, there are two main reasons why making and titrating a fresh vitamin C standard solution increases the accuracy of your measurements:

When exposed to air, vitamin C will oxidize, or break down; after any vitamin C solution is exposed to air it will have a lower, unknown concentration the next day.
If you test orange juice samples over multiple days, you must make and titrate a fresh vitamin C standard solution each day or else you cannot compare data from one day to the next. By titrating a fresh vitamin C standard solution each day you take measurements and by observing the variability in the amount of iodine needed to titrate the vitamin C standard solution, you can better compare your orange juice titration results to the day-to-day variations in your vitamin C standard titrations.

Q: Should I stop the titration when I first see a hint of color, or when the entire solution has completely changed color?

A: When you first see the color change, you should stop the buret from dripping, pick up the flask, swirl it, and put it back down. Wait for the color to disappear. If the color goes away within 20 seconds, then continue with the titration, but if the color stays for 20 seconds, then stop the titration. The color change indicates that all of the substance being titrated (vitamin C, or ascorbic acid) has reacted with the titrating substance (iodine titration solution). Specifically, when there is no ascorbic acid left, the iodine can react with the starch, causing the solution to change color. Therefore, the first time color lasts after adding a drop of iodine solution and swirling it is the first time when there is no more vitamin C in the solution, and this is when you should stop the titration. Be careful to ensure that the color is lasting and is not temporary by always swirling the solutions well. For more information about doing a titration, visit the Science Buddies webpage Titration Tutorial: Tips & Tricks for Titrating.

Q: Why should I add the iodine titration solution drop by drop?

A: The titration reaction is very sensitive. One drop of iodine solution can be enough to drive the reaction to completion (if it were near completion before the drop was added). If more than one drop is added at a time, the data will not be as accurate as it could be.

Q: Why should I swirl the flask each time I add the iodine titration solution?

A: Mixing the flask is important to ensure that the solutions have completely reacted with each other. When adding the iodine solution, you may see a temporary color change that goes away when you swirl the flask. The color change that is important for this experiment is the one that is not temporary and does not go away after mixing the solutions.

Q: What if my solutions never change color?

A: There are a number of reasons why your titration may not work. Three of the most common problems that can lead to a solution not changing colors in a titration are:

Using the wrong substances. Make sure that you use Lugol's iodine solution or another iodine solution sold as a starch indicator (not a pure potassium iodine solution) and a true, soluble starch. (If you purchased the Science Buddies kit, this problem would not apply. The materials in the kit are correct for this Project Idea.)
Using incorrect concentrations. If your vitamin C standard solution is too concentrated or your iodine titration solution is too diluted, or your starch indicator solution is not between 0.5 to 1.0%, it may require much more than 50 mL of iodine solution to titrate the standard solution and/or orange juice. The most common problem here is an overly diluted iodine solution; sometimes, the Lugol's iodine solution sold in stores is already diluted, and you do not need to dilute it more.
Using too much orange juice. If there is a large amount of vitamin C in the orange juice that is being tested, it may require more than 50 mL of iodine titration solution for it to change color. You could try using a smaller volume of orange juice.

Q: How do I read the volume of iodine titration solution in the buret?

A: To accurately read the volume of a liquid in the buret, read where the bottom of the meniscus is. The meniscus is where the surface of the liquid forms a curve. For example, in the picture below, based on reading from the bottom of the meniscus, the volume in the buret is about 14.58 mL.

Close up image of the meniscus in a clear fluid within a graduated cylinder
(Image: G. Carboni, 2004)

Q: Can I use corn starch instead of soluble starch? What is soluble starch anyway?

A: It is theoretically possible to do this experiment using corn starch, but it will be more difficult. Starches are notoriously difficult to dissolve. In fact, starch is insoluble in cold water. Heat is required to change the starch's semi-crystalline structure so that some of the amylose molecules are more accessible; this, in turn, makes the starch soluble. This means that one of the technical challenges in this science project is the creation of a starch solution (corn starch dissolved in water). It also explains why the solution is made with hot water in the Procedure.

Soluble starch is starch that has been chemically pre-treated so that its structure is altered and it is already more soluble; it is not sold in the grocery store. The science project calls for using this type of starch because it is much easier to make the starch solution. If you choose to substitute corn starch for the soluble starch, you will need to make sure that you use very hot—even boiling—water. Add no more than 1/4 tsp. of cornstarch to 200 mL of the hot/boiling water. Stir vigorously with a fork for several minutes to dissolve as much of the corn starch as possible. Test your solution by mixing one drop of the starch solution with one drop of the iodine solution on a piece of wax paper; if your starch solution is well-made, the resulting mixture should be a dark blue-black color.

If you do substitute corn starch for soluble starch, you should make a fresh starch solution every day of testing because the corn starch is more likely to fall out of solution over time.

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Amount Of Vitamin C In Juice

Source: https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/Chem_p044/chemistry/which-orange-juice-has-the-most-vitamin-c

Amount Of Vitamin C In Juice